If, inspite of our efforts, users encounter errors, please contact us by e-mail. GlobalEnergyObservatory does not guarantee the reliability, accuracy, or completeness of the data or information provided, or the reliability and functionality of software tools provided. Power Plants. Map Data in GEO. It has 3 unit s. The first unit was commissioned in and the last in It is operated by Gautami Power Ltd.. Associated Infrastructure AI. Emissions: Toxic Chemicals Hg, Pb, Annual Performance Performance Statistics for Turbine The hot, high pressure products of combustion are passed to the turbine where they are allowed to expand through several rows of alternate stationary vanes and rotating blades.
Air enters the axial flow compressor at point - 1 at ambient conditions. Air entering the compressor at point- 1 is compressed to some higher pressure. No heat is added; however, the temperature of the air rises due to compressio00n, so that the air at the discharge of the compressor is at a higher temperature and pressure.
Figure 6 Upon leaving the compressor, air enters the combustion system at point-2, where fuel is injected and combustion takes place. The combustion process occurs at essentially constant pressure. Although very high local temperatures are reached within the primary combustion zone approaching stoichiometric conditions , the combustion system is designed to provide mixing, burning, dilution, and cooling.
Thus, by the time the combustion mixture leaves the combustion system and enters the turbine at point-3, it is a mixed average temperature. In the turbine section of the gas turbine, the energy of the hot gases is converted into work. This conversion actually takes place in two steps. In nozzle section of the turbine, the hot gases are expanded and a portion of the thermal energy is converted into kinetic energy. In the subsequent bucket Report on Industrial Training Sri Pavan teja Tatini 13 section of the turbine, a portion of the kinetic energy is transferred to the rotating buckets and converted to work.
Some of the work developed by the turbine is used to drive the compressor, and remainder is available for useful work at the output flange of the gas turbine.
According to path of working fluid: a Open-cycle gas turbine b Closed-cycle gas turbine 2. According to basis of combustion process: a Constant pressure type gas turbine b Constant volume type gas turbine 3. The compressed air from compressor enters combustion chamber where it mixes with fuel, and ignition takes place at constant pressure. The hot gases expands through turbine blades producing power, after expansion gases are exhausted into atmosphere.
Part of the turbine power is used to drive the compressor and remaining is utilized to generate electricity. Open gas turbine cycle is the most basic gas turbine unit. The working fluid does not circulate through the system, therefore it is not a true cycle.
It consists of a compressor, a combustion chamber and a gas turbine. Report on Industrial Training Sri Pavan teja Tatini 14 The compressor and the gas turbine are mounted on the same shaft. The compressor unit is either centrifugal or axial flow type.
Air is first compressed adiabatically in a compressor and high compressed air enters the heat exchanger where air is heated at high pressure by external source. Here air is not in direct contact with fuel i. Hot air is now expanded adiabatically through turbine blades producing power.
The air leaving the turbine enters the coolers where it is cooled to initial temperature by circulating cooling water. Cooled air is recirculated to the compressor and the cycle is repeated. Figure 7 3. Figure 8 illustrates how ambient temperature affects output, heat rate, heat consumption, and Each turbine model will have its own temperature-effect curve, as it depends on the cycle parameters and components efficiencies as well as air mass flow.
Figure 8 Correction for altitude or barometric pressure is more straightforward. The less dense air reduces the airflow and output proportionately heat rate and other cycle parameters are not affected. Similarly, moist air, being less dense than dry air, will also have an effect on output and heat rate. In past, this effect was thought to be too small to be considered Report on Industrial Training Sri Pavan teja Tatini 16 Figure 9 However, with the increasing size of gas turbines and utilization of humidity to bias water and steam injection for NOx control, this effect has greater significance.
It should be noted that this humidity effect is a result of the control system approximation of firing temperature used on GE heavy-duty gas turbines. Single shaft turbines that use turbine exhaust temperature biased by compressor discharge pressure will reduce power as a result of ambient humidity because the density losses due to compressor inlet air temperature.
The control system is set to follow the inlet air temperature function. Inserting air filtration, silencing, evaporative coolers, chillers in the inlet, or exhaust heat recovery devices causes pressure losses in the system.
The effects of these pressure losses are somewhat unique to each design. The effect of humidity is given by the following graph The natural gas produces more output than does distillate oil. As a result of these influences, each turbine model will have some application guidelines on flows, temperatures, and shaft output to preserve its design life.
In most cases of operation with lower heating value fuels, it can be assumed that output and efficiency will be equal to or higher than that obtained on natural gas. In the case of higher heating value fuels, such as refinery gases, output and efficiency may be equal to or lower than that obtained on natural gas. Most are determined by the planned site location and the plant configuration, i.
In the event additional output is needed, several possibilities to enhance performance may be considered 3. Lowering the compressor inlet temperature can be accomplished by installing an evaporative cooler or Inlet chiller in the inlet ducting downstream of the inlet filters.
Careful application of these systems is Report on Industrial Training Sri Pavan teja Tatini 19 necessary, as condensation or carryover can exacerbate fouling and degrade performance. Generally, such systems are followed by compressor the moisture separators or coalescing pads to reduce possibility of moisture carryover. Figure12 : Effect of evaporative cooling on heat rate and output As Figure 12 shows, the biggest gains from evaporative cooling are realized in hot, low - humidity climates.
Effectiveness is of how close the cooler exit temperature approaches the a measure ambient wet bulb temperature. Report on Industrial Training Sri Pavan teja Tatini 20 Chillers, unlike evaporative coolers, are not limited by the ambient wet bulb temperature. Tho achievable temperature is limited only by the capacity of the chilling device to produce coolant and the ability of the coils to heat.
As saturation is approached, water begins to condense from the air, and mist eliminators are used. Further heat transfer cools the condensate and air, and causes more condensation. Because of the high heat of vaporization of water, most of the cooling energy in this regime goes to condensation and little to temperature reduction. Figure 13 : Inlet Chilling Process 3. Generally, the amount of water is limited to the amount required to meet the NOX requirement in order to minimize operating cost and impact on inspection intervals Figure14 Steam injection for power augmentation has been an available option on GE gas turbines for over 30 years.
When steam is injected for power augmentation, it can be introduced into the compressor discharge casing of the gas turbine as well as the combustion chamber. The effect on output and heat rate is the same as that shown in the Figure GE gas turbines are designed to allow up to 5 of the compressor airflow for steam injection to the combustion chamber and compressor discharge. When either steam or water is used for power augmentation, the control system is normally designed to allow only the amount needed for NOX abatement until the e machine reaches base load.
At that point, additional steam or water can be full admitted via the governor control. Report on Industrial Training Sri Pavan teja Tatini 22 All turbo machinery experiences losses in performance with time. Gas turbine performance degradation can be classified as recoverable or non- recoverable loss.
Recoverable loss is usually associated with compressor fouling and can be partially rectified by water washing or more thoroughly, by mechanically cleaning the compressor blades and vanes after opening the unit.
Non-recoverable loss due primarily to increased turbine and compressor clearances and changes in surface finish and airfoil contour. Because this loss is caused by reduction in efficiencies,it cannot be recovered by operational procedures, external maintenance or compressor cleaning, but only through replacement of affected parts at recommended inspection intervals. Quantifying performance degradation is difficult because consistent, valid field data is hard to obtain.
Correlation between various sites is impacted by variables such as mode of operation, contaminants in the air, humidity, fuel and diluent injection levels for NOX Another problem is that test instruments and procedures vary widely, often with large tolerances. This assumes degraded parts are not replaced. Recent field experience indicates that frequent off-line water washing is not only effective in reducing recoverable loss, but also reduces the rate of non- recoverable loss.
Report on Industrial Training Sri Pavan teja Tatini 23 One generalization that can be made from The data is that machine located in 3 dry, hot climates typically degrade less than those in humid climates. Equipment Cost The basic cost of a gas turbine-based power plant is significantly less than similar sized alternatives, such as conventional coal or oil fired facilities. Lead Time The time from placement of order to final commissioning of a gas turbine based power plant can be significantly shorter than similar sized alternatives.
As an example, construction of a simple cycle gas turbine based plant can take as little as 12 months, compared with three to five years for a conventional coal-fired plant.
Efficiency Gas turbine based power plants can be extremely efficient depending on the design and arrangement of the equipment. Environmental Impact Report on Industrial Training Sri Pavan teja Tatini 24 Gas turbine based plant has much less impact on the environment than similar sized alternatives. Emissions of harmful gases and particulates are significantly lower than conventional coal-fired plants, and their physical size is also small since there is no need for large civil works, extensive fuel stock piles, ash dumps etc.
The diesel engine is used to provide the starting torque for gas turbine, while firing takes place in combustion chamber. This diesel engine accelerates the turbine shafts to high speeds which are far greater than the generator rated speed. In order to regulate this excess speed and to bring the generator to run at its rated speed, a load gear box is used. It is also called a boiler, as it creates steam for the steam turbine by passing the hot exhaust gas flow from a gas turbine or combustion engine through banks of heat exchanger tubes.
The HRSG can rely on natural circulation or utilize forced circulation using pumps. As the hot exhaust gases flow past the heat exchanger tubes in which hot water circulates, heat is absorbed causing the creation of steam in the tubes. The tubes are arranged in sections, or modules, each serving a different function in the production of dry super-heated steam. Based on the flow of exhaust gases, HRSGs are categorized into vertical and horizontal types.
In horizontal type HRSGs, exhaust gas flows horizontally over Based on pressure levels, HRSGs can be categorized into single pressure and multi pressure. Single pressure HRSGs have only one steam drum and steam is generated at single pressure level whereas multi pressure HRSGs employ two double pressure or three triple pressure steam drums. Each section has a steam drum and an evaporator section where water is converted to steam. This steam then passes through super heaters to raise the temperature beyond the one at the saturation point.
In this section the water gets evaporated to steam. This section consists of coils in which water is passed, and these coils are surrounded by exhaust gas released by the gas turbine.
The heat transferred is enough to evaporate the water to steam and thus the steam is generated in an evaporator Super heater section The Super heater section of HRSG is used to dry the saturated vapour being separated in the steam drum. In some units it may only be heated to little above the saturation point wherein other units it may Report on Industrial Training Sri Pavan teja Tatini 27 be super-heated to significant temperature for additional energy storage.
The Super heater section is normally located in the hotter gas stream, in front of the evaporator. Economizer: The Economizer Section, sometimes called a preheater or preheat coil, is used to preheat the feed water being introduced to the system to replace the steam being removed from the system via the super heater or steam outlet and the water loss through blow down. It is normally located in the colder gas downstream of the evaporator. Since the evaporator inlet and outlet temperatures are both close to the saturation temperature for the system pressure, the amount of the heat that may be removed from the flue gas is limited due to the approach to the evaporator, whereas the economizer inlet temperature is low, allowing the flue gas temperature to be taken lower.
Steam turbine 5. Thermal energy is the type of energy that manifests itself as an increase in temperature. The steam turbine uses thermal energy from steam under pressure and converts it into rotary motion or mechanical work. The original version of the steam turbine was the steam engine, which was powered by reciprocating pistons. Steam turbines are idle prime movers for driving machines requiring rotational mechanical input power.
They can deliver constant or variable speed and are capable of close speed control. Drive applications include centrifugal pumps, compressors, ship propellers and electric generators. Casings 2. Blading 3. Blade carriers with stationery blades 4. Welded disc rotor with rotating blades 5. Dummy Piston 6. Rotor Coupling 7. Gland seals Casings : Turbine casings are pressure vessels which contain the steam so that it can perform work by causing rotation of the turbine shaft.
The type and size of casing materials are determined primarily by pressure and Components mounted in the casing are the blade carriers, turbine shaft and shaft seals.
Blade carriers hold and maintain the stationary blades in place. The turbine shaft and rotating blades provide the torque to rotate the generator shaft.
The mechanical energy conversion takes place across the stationary and rotating blades. Shaft seals provide sealing between the casing and shaft. They prevent HP steam from leaking out and air from entering into the LP turbine, which is under vacuum. Blading : Turbine blades convert the thermal energy into mechanical energy, which is then supplied to the generator via the rotor. Each stage consists of stationary and rotating blades. There are basically two types of blade designs in use today.
Impulse design 2. Reaction design In the impulse design, theoretically all the pressure drop is across the stationary blading and essentially none across the rotating blades.
This design is characterized by a long, slender rotor with diaphragms, which are used for sealing. In the reaction design, there is an equal pressure drop across both the stationary and rotating blades, which leads to very similar blade profiles. The reaction design is characterized by a drum type rotor. Since there is a pressure drop across the rotating blades, a thrust is developed which must be compensated either by a dummy or balance piston or a modified steam path layout.
Report on Industrial Training Sri Pavan teja Tatini 30 Dummy or Balance Piston : The design of reaction blading results in a pressure drop across both stationary and rotating blades. This means that a thrust force is applied to the rotor in the direction of steam flow.
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